Mexican Police Corruption an Example by

Mexican Police Corruption by Expert Lilliana | 14 Dec 2016 Mexican citizens have taken to the street to complain of mistreatment not by criminals, but by the police. It seems like the only people getting justice are those that can pay for it. Unfortunately, for Mexico, corruption has reached a point where it's often difficult to tell the police from the criminals (Fox to fight Mexico's police corruption, 2000). Unless a change is made, Mexico will be unsafe for both visitors and its own citizens. Why does such corruption exist in the Mexican police force? The answers lie in decades of drugs and nepotism among Mexican officials. Need essay sample on "Mexican Police Corruption" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Some of the actions of the Mexican police are incorrigible. In some of the most publicized cases of abduction in recent years, the kidnappers have turned out to be rogue police officers (Fox to fight Mexico's police corruption, 2000). In 2002, forty-one police officers and their chief were arrested for protecting drug shipments, taking bribes and even executing people (Peet, 2002). Two years later, the Associated Press reported that an entire police force was acting as assassins for drug gangs near the US-Mexican border (Romer, 2004). All thirteen officers were arrested, revealing the heart of a long-corrupted police force that had become lured by drug money.. Undergraduates Frequently Tell Us: I'm don't want to write my essay now. I don't have the time Professional writers suggest: Entrust Your Essay Paper To Us And Get A+ Many theories have been used to explain why the corruption in the Mexican police force is so horrible. Mainly, these theories center around two main concepts: 1) the fact that most of the promotions have been due to family nepotism or as favors for friends (Fox to fight Mexico's police corruption, 2000) and 2) the money from the drug underworld was too tempting to turn away from (Romer, 2004). Most researchers agree that the drug money is responsible for the high levels of corruption. For example a report by the General Accounting Office in 1998 found "...several studies and investigations of drug-related police corruption found on-duty police officers engaged in serious criminal activities, such as (1) conducting unconstitutional searches and seizures; (2) stealing money and/or drugs from drug dealers; (3) selling stolen drugs; (4) protecting drug operations; (5) providing false testimony; and (6) submitting false crime reports" (General Accounting Office, 1998, p.8). Mexican criminal justice expert Jorge Chabat acknowledges that money from the drug trade has infested every aspect of Mexican law enforcement. Police corruption is a very old problem. It was there before drug trafficking, we have to say that. It is a legacy from the colonial period, and in Mexico we have not been able to solve that problem. This problem has been aggravated by the presence of drug trafficking, because they have a lot of money and they can corrupt anybody. Even the army has been corrupted. Not to the same degree as the police, but even the army has been corrupt (Flakus, 2006). The reasons for this tendency have also been studied. Basically, Mexican police have always been poorly trained, equipped and supervised. As a result, they are unable to stand up to organized crime and political bosses, who have far more power, influence and resources than the officers have. They have also failed to secure appropriate backing and support in the Mexican Justice System. As a result, the public has basically no faith in the police or the courts (Flakus, 2006). If drug money has created the problems, how can the problems be fixed? Data from the drug sector and criminal justice sectors have been used to analyze and answer this question. However, there are always limitations in using self-reported data from criminals. One cannot be certain that they are answering honestly. The data from the criminal justice sector are more reliable, but probably underreported due to the tendency to cover up institutional crime. One thing is certain, the answer to the problem of the corruption of the Mexican police force lies in drug enforcement. Police involvement in drug crimes will fall if the drug business fails to turn such high profits and if the risks and consequences of being caught increase to an unacceptable level. Some researchers feel that the war on drugs itself has exacerbated the problem. Peet, 2002, claims that the corruption of police, intelligence services, courts, politiciansresulting from the War on Drugs has become almost normal, to be expected, in any country waging War on Drugs. According to the US Drug Enforcement Administration, Mexico is the main source of marijuana smuggled into the United States and is the major route for most cocaine coming north from Colombia and other South American nations. The illicit trade produces tens of billions of dollars that support small armies of drug cartel gunmen as well as corruption (Flakus, 2006). Many refer back to the day so of Prohibition to draw comparisons between the corruption in the Mexican police and in 1920s America. In that case, outlawing alcohol created a greater demand for it which only empowers those people ruthless and determined enough to supply that need They cite Al Capone as having a similar grip on Chicagos police force in the 1920s as the drug bosses have on the Mexican police today (Peet, 2002). Some go so far as to push for legalizing some drugs. As long as there is legal prohibition of drugs, there will be a black market drug trade which will remain extremely profitable, tax-free, and powerful. As the trade flourishes the cartels buy off more and more law enforcers (Peet, 2002). After all, the US repealed Prohibition in 1933. If drugs such as marijuana were legalized, the need to resort to underground and desperate means to get them would be eradicated. The muscle men of the drug lords would no longer be necessary. However, this answer is a very hard sell in both Mexico and in the United States. In 2000, Vincente Fox won the Presidential election in part because of his election platform to stop police corruption. His advisor is Sergio Aguayo, a law enforcement expert. Aguayo claims that the corruption in the Mexican police force runs so deep it would be better to dismantle the existing system and rebuild it from scratch (Fox to fight Mexico's police corruption, 2000). Fox and Aguayos restructuring plan calls for the development of a new Security and Justice Ministry which would assume responsibility for domestic security and all federal police. The current police force is the sad product of over seventy years of corruption. It will take a lot of hard work and dedicated inpiduals to overcome these odds, but Fox is confident in Aguayo. Officials in the Fox administration admit that police still sometimes use torturous force against people to get them to confess to crimes despite a lack of evidence (Pushing for Due Process and Accountable Police, 2006) There are, however opportunities for change, as new administrations at all levels, and even the PRI begin to recognize that they need to seek new models for policing, or risk losing voter support (Flakus, 2006). However, it will take a long to prove that the police force can turn itself around. Chabat says that Mexico needs to build institutions from the ground up to encourage law enforcement and reduce corruption. He cautions that this time of system building takes time, adding that it could take more than ten years to see significant improvement. Professor Celia Toro of the Colegio de Mexico's Center for International Studies agrees. She says that a better police force will grow out of a better legal system (Flakus, 2006). The police force in Mexico is certainly not doing its job. If reform does not occur soon, the country will be reduced to one that is terrorized by drug lords and corrupt, self-serving officials. References General Accounting Office. (1998). Report to the Honorable Charles B. Rangel, House ofRepresentatives, Law Enforcement: Information on Drug-Related Police CorruptionWashington, DC: USGPO. May, p. 8. Peet, P. (2002). Police Drug Corruption. Drugwar.com. Available from http://www.drugwar.com/pcopdrugcorruption.shtm [Accessed 2 August 2006] Pushing for Due Process and Accountable Police. (2006). Human Rights First. Available from:http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/mexico_policing/mex_policing.htm. [Accessed 2August 2006] Romer, S.E. (2004). Mestizos are Different: Legendary Corruption of Mexican Police. Available from http://www.nationalvanguard.org/story.php?id=1893 [Accessed 2 August 2006]

Top 10 part-time holiday jobs this season

Top 10 part-time holiday jobs this season ‘Tis the season†¦to think about whether you want a seasonal holiday job this year. If you wait until the Black Friday ads are out and Starbucks unveils its holiday coffee cup designs to start thinking about what you want to do for your seasonal holiday job, it’s likely too late. So we’ve got some of the best part-time holiday gigs this year, to help you seize those early opportunities to make extra cash this holiday season. But before you get started, there are a few checklist items you should have ready, so that you’re ready to apply for jobs as they come up- because seasonal hiring can move awfully fast.Get your resume application-ready. Have your interview outfit ready to go. For a seasonal job, this may be more casual than the traditional dark suit. Whatever outfit you choose, it should be neat (no loose threads or weird hems), cleaned, and ready to go at a moment’s notice.Get in the right mindset. Holiday jobs are likely to demand your time during unconventional or inconvenient shifts. Make sure your mental expectations are aligned with a potentially hectic schedule that doesn’t leave you with a lot of free time or holiday down time.Let’s look at some of the top opportunities this holiday season, from the classic (retail) to less orthodox jobs you may not have considered.Retail Sales AssociateWhen you think of â€Å"seasonal part-time job,† you probably think of a role in a busy retail store, helping keep shelves stocked while hordes of holiday shoppers come through looking for the perfect gift. And that’s because it’s a perennial opportunity for people looking for temporary work over the holidays. You don’t need to commit to retail as a career for this kind of job, but it can also be a great experience-builder if you want to seek more retail opportunities in the future. This tends to be an â€Å"all hands on deck† kind of job. You may be tasked with assisting customers on the floor, completing sales as a cashier, or working behind the scenes with inventory, merchandising, and stocking- whatever needs doing to accommodate the holiday crowds. If this is the route you want to take, start with the big retailers (Target, WalMart, Kohl’s, etc.), but don’t be afraid to look at every store in your area and see if they have any â€Å"help wanted† notices popping up either in store or online.What you’ll need: A good retail resume, strong customer service skills to deal with every kind of customer imaginable, and time management skills. You may also be asked to work long or odd shifts throughout the holidays, so flexibility is key.Snow Removal Drivers/WorkersWe may still be firmly in autumn mode right now, but as the Starks tell us, winter is indeed coming. Many private snow removal companies and towns/cities are already looking ahead to the snowy season, hiring part-time and seasonal help to prepare for the winter’s storm s. This is less of an option if you live in, say, Florida, but if you live in an area that sees its share of snow and ice over the winter months, it can be a good option.What you’ll need: A valid driver’s license and the ability to handle heavy equipment like plows, sanding trucks, and sidewalk snow removal tools.Christmas Tree WorkersThe holiday season means Christmas tree sales, either at dedicated tree farms/garden centers, or big box stores that also sell trees (think Home Depot or Lowe’s). From Thanksgiving to Christmas, these employees help meet the influx of customers, selling and preparing trees for travel home, as well as selling and stocking other seasonal plants.What you’ll need: The ability to lift heavy objects, stand for long shifts, and work outdoors in varying conditions.Seasonal ActorsAnother classic seasonal job is playing Santa (if you’ve got the girth and the lap- beard is usually provided for you), or his entourage (think elves and Mrs. Claus). This job has been a mainstay of malls and department stores for decades and usually runs from Thanksgiving-ish through to Christmas. But Christmas actors aren’t the only ones who are needed on a seasonal basis- if you look early enough (say, September), there are also a lot of Halloween-themed jobs available, working in haunted houses or amusement parks as scary extras.What you’ll need: Acting skills, people skills, and customer service skills.Seasonal PhotographersAll the Santas and the elves come with a very important seasonal role: the photographer. Individual stores, malls, and events hire photographers every year to capture the holiday merriment for posterity. Seasonal photographers and assistants are responsible for taking photographs, taking orders, and potentially developing/editing photos as well.What you’ll need: Portrait photography skills, photo editing skills, organizational skills (after all, no one wants mistakenly sent pictures of some other family’s kid sitting on Santa’s lap), customer service skills, and problem solving skills, because camera snafus while there’s a long line of people waiting to see Santa can be problematic. It also can’t hurt if you have a knack for getting toddlers to smile at just the right time for a lasting photo.Election WorkersThis is one of the more unusual ones on the list, in that you may not think of it as a â€Å"seasonal† job. But the fact is that every November there’s some kind of election going on in your town or district, and staff is needed to manage the voting process, check in voters, and ensure that election laws and best practices are being followed. Many polling places rely on volunteers, but some towns and cities hire poll workers to manage the crowds and ensure smooth voting and accurate reporting.What you’ll need: Strong organizational skills, and a solid sense of civic duty.Warehouse WorkerBehind the retail scen es, there are thousands of warehouse workers needed to make sure that goods are getting where they need to go throughout the holiday season, whether that’s store shelves or customer orders shipped directly. Companies like Amazon in particular bulk up its warehouse staff during the holiday season, in anticipation of keeping operations running at peak volume around the clock. Other top employers in this area include shipping companies like FedEx or UPS, which keep packages moving at a high volume to accommodate tight shipping deadlines and incredibly high demand.What you’ll need: The stamina to work while standing for long periods of time, as well as the ability to lift heavy objects. These jobs may also involve the use of heavy equipment to move freight.Delivery DriverWarehouses aren’t the only logistics centers that need extra help during the holidays. Companies typically hire extra drivers for the season, to accommodate the higher volume of packages going in an d out.What you’ll need: A valid driver’s license (and possibly a Commercial Driver’s License as well), a clean driving record, and excellent navigation and time management skills.Customer Service AssociateCustomer service is another major area where companies need extra help during the holiday season (and slightly beyond, to accommodate post-holiday issues with gifts). These seasonal employees may work on site or remotely via phone or internet chat to answer questions, help customers troubleshoot issues, and escalate as necessary. Customer service can be a round-the-clock proposition, so you can likely expect overnight, weekend, or holiday shifts.What you’ll need: A solid customer service resume. You’ll need customer service skills first and foremost, as well as tech skills like handling multi-line phones, recordkeeping software, and internet chat programs. You’ll also need strong problem-solving skills, as much of your time may be spent hel ping to diagnose and resolve problems for customers.Tax AssociateNo one really likes to think about the looming tax season while in holiday mode, but after the new year has passed and life goes back to normal, seasonal tax associates are in high demand. Tax preparation companies hire temporary employees to accommodate the demand from January through April. If you have a background in financial math and familiarity with the U.S. tax system, this can be a good gig for you in the post-holiday season.What you’ll need: Strong math and accounting skills, a bachelor’s degree in a related field, and familiarity with tax preparation software.If you’re looking for a part-time seasonal gig, you have lots of opportunities to match your skill set, interests, and availability. The retail-facing jobs are perennial favorites for a reason (consistency, plenty of jobs available), but if retail isn’t your thing, there are lot of other options.

Current Event Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current Event Summary - Essay Example The crisis in Libya is one major source of this emerging crisis. The IEA has already reached an understanding with the largest oil producer Saudi Arabia and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), that the major oil producing countries will exploit their surplus production capacity, in case the energy crisis worsens. So far the oil producing nations and IEA seem to be in agreement in their understanding of the overall situation and the possible solutions. IEA is a bit apprehensive about tapping into its oil reserves as even a little disruption of the supplies in an already constrained market could give way to an exceptional price surge. So the member countries cannot decide as to whether to allow the free market forces let decide and dictate the circumstances or should they intervene to check a possibly impending crisis. The IEA least wants to initiate this crisis by its actions. As per the estimates, so far there is ample oil available in the markets. So a wait and watch policy appears to be more appropriate. Till date, IEA has not revised its supply estimates. The primary thrust in on quantifying the disruption constraints posed by the crisis in Libya, so as to decide as to the magnitude of the oil stockpiles that need to be released. Yet, there is a fear that this disruption may get prolonged. In such a situation the IEA will for the time decide to bridge the supply gap by releasing oil from its reserves. However, any further response will be dependent on the willingness of the oil producing countries to cull out the surplus production capacity. One other fear is that a constrained political turmoil in the Middle East will directly hit the investments being made into the oil sector in this region. This withholding of investments will have an effect on the oil markets in the medium and long run. Political tension in the region will have a dampening effect on the companies desirous of making investments into

Graduating School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Graduating School - Essay Example The latter are considered to be more value-laden than simple provisions in a code. This is important to remember. But different sources have different values. One source of professional values and ethics is a code of conduct. Another is the organic behaviour of those who work around you—this is a difficult source to define. This can be good and bad. If you work in a police station where people are corrupt, being ethically purse might help you if you rely on your corrupt boss to promote you. A third source is what you bring to the table, how you yourself have been raised. You contribute your own ethics and values to the group with which you work. Perhaps at the police station you can set a very high standard as a role model and encourage people to follow your example. In my life, I have thought long and hard about why we need ethics. Ethics bind people together. They let the cream rise to the top. In today's world ethical relativism dominates so it is important to have codes th at are carefully written down and that are exhaustive and detailed. What is ethical relativism? This is a position believes that no universal standard exists to assess the truth of the world around us. Relativists often see morals as applying only within certain cultures. These people would say that female genital mutilation is okay because it is a cultural practice and an important to a particular culture.

Communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Communication - Research Paper Example This paper seeks to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of online marketing, its potential impact on the company’s online sales, and finally to recommend requirements for a successful online campaign. The advantages are numerous and include its one-to-one approach, its ability to cater to the company’s specific interests, increased choices for the consumer, its inexpensive nature, and its wide and round the clock reach. However, its disadvantages include the probability of illegal activity like spamming, incompatibility with products that require physical demonstrations, its cost, and time-sensitive nature. The paper also covers the impacts of online marketing such as expansion of the market place, its use as a research tool, its direct connectivity to potential clients by availing updated information, the ability of a business to operate 24 hours a day, and its reduction of administrative costs. Finally, the paper gives recommendations for a successful rolling out of online marketing strategy. This section recommends that the company must use all local search tactics available, ready its website for tablets and smart-phones, as well as identify new and incremental traffic and conversion sources. Online marketing is a term that refers to the marketing of services or products over the internet. Online marketing will enable the business to promote its services and products over the internet, at only a fraction of what it would have cost to use traditional modes of advertisement. This mode of marketing involves the creation of a strategy that suits the company’s website in order to promote its business over the internet. It brings technical and creative aspects together including sales, advertisement, development, and design. It involves a variation of business models including the generation of website leads, direct selling, and affiliate marketing that involves the development of a product by one entity and its sale by another. Some of the methods

Contemporary Issues in Leadership

Contemporary Issues in Leadership Leadership is the process of influencing the behavior of others to work willingly and enthusiastically for achieving predetermined goals. It may be seen in terms of relationship between a leader and his followers (individuals / groups) which arises out of their functioning for common goals. The followers work willingly to achieve goal, thus there is no coercive force which induces the followers to work. LEADERS AS Shapers of Meaning Framing Issues. Framing is a way to use language to manage meaning. Its a way for leaders to influence how events are seen and understood. Contemporary roles relating to lead team as managing the conflicts; coaching to improve team member performance; used to serve as troubleshooters. It seems to respond in a group in which they have to participate with the leader. It involves mentor who is a senior employee who sponsors and supports a less experienced employee. Leadership can be taught online as it builds trust in the working environment of the organization. Challenges facing to leadership can be on the basis of qualities attributed as leaders are intelligent, ongoing, have strong verbal skills, understanding, are aggressive and industrious. Actually they perceive or project the appearance of being a leader. Many people today are seeking to understand and many people are writing about the concept and practices of leadership.. The concept of leadership is relevant to any aspect of ensuring effectiveness in organizations and in managing change. There has been an explosion of literature about leadership lately. Leading is a very human activity were all human so there are many people who consider themselves experts on leadership. There are a great many reasons for the popularity of the topic, including that organizations are faced with changes like never before. Understanding the concept of leadership requires more than reading a few articles or fantasizing about what great leaders should be. Contemporary issues includes [1] out of the box thinking; [2]leading by example; [3]globalization;[ 4]changing group dynamics; [5]technology; [6]quick decision making; [7]dealing with change and uncertainty; [8]mentoring; [9]ethical behavior; [10] recruiting and retaining quality workers. Now, managerial and leadership effectiveness depends on the ability to gain the trust of the followers. A recent survey in U.S. employees found that only half trusted their senior manager. Also the bad practices of corporations in the U.S. like the leaders of ENRON, WORLDCOM, etc that were accused of engaging in activities like secret loans, insider trading, manipulating profit figures, evading taxes all these has lost the confidence and trust of employees and investors, supplier, customers in senior executives. Unfortunately, many people make strong assertions about leadership without ever really understanding a great deal about leadership. Leaders need basic intelligence and job related knowledge but this is not enough. They are necessary but not sufficient. It is emotional intelligence that makes him a star performer. These are: Self-awareness exhibited by self confidence, realistic self assessment and a sense of humor. Self management. Exhibited by trustworthiness, integrity, and comfort with ambiguity, openness to change. Self motivation: exhibited by strong drive to achieve, optimism, and high organizational commitment. Empathy cross cultural sensitivity, expertise in building talents. ABSTRACT: However, subsequent scientific studies find that leaders are not exceptionally brilliant, splendid speakers or highly energetic. Instead, leaders know how to forge relationships and accomplish tasks. In fact, analysts find that leaders ability to accomplish tasks is even more important than their interpersonal skills. Leadership Personalities Academic studies achieve varied results when they try to isolate the characteristics of effective leaders. In work done in 1948 that is still well-regarded, scholar Ralph Stogdill proposed that leaders have five clusters of characteristics that make them good at leading. The five are: capacity (intelligence, judgment); achievement (knowledge, scholarship); responsibility (dependability, aggressiveness, self control, and desire to excel); participation (activity, sociability, cooperation, adaptability) and status (position, popularity). In 1990, subsequent research identified five more factors that leaders have in common: they are reliable, agreeable, extroverted, and emotionally stable and open to new experiences. Current theory proposes that anyone can become a leader to some degree if he or she can: Be confident about taking action, and controlling his or her life. Use power in pro-social ways that extend beyond personal gain or narcissism. Develop personal vision by seeing the future impact of todays actions. Leaders must have vision, a future view of events. Good leaders have the ability to convey their visions and make the future unfold as they hope it will. This generally begins with writing a vision statement, a process that often goes badly. Commonly, vision statements are confusing. They tend to cite goals that are really associated with strategies and objectives, not vision. To craft an effective vision statement, write a brief, memorable declaration. Then share your vision; make it more tangible by telling stories and using metaphors. Good leaders consistently align their actions with their verbal messages. They see their followers in a positive light, and care about their well being. Strong leaders provide the proper support to help their followers accept new challenges. Leaders assist others in finding meaning in their work and in their lives. Emotional Intelligence Leaders forge relationships with groups or individuals. The individual relationships tend to be more intellectual but, in both cases, good leaders exhibit highly developed emotional or social intelligence. They are self-aware, socially skilled, disciplined and able to deal capably with other people. People with emotional intelligence think before they act, focus on their goals, understand other peoples emotions and have the skill to establish common grounds for discussion. In this instance, scholars concluded that even the most talented executive cannot succeed without emotional intelligence. Some major corporations that wanted to encourage future leaders in their ranks hired psychologists to sort out leadership characteristics. The psychologists found that leaders are smart and have solid, long-term vision, but that their emotional intelligence is twice as important as either intellect or vision. One study shows that companies where the employees have high emotional intelligence earn higher profits. The reverse is also demonstrably true. A workforce marked by a lack of emotional intelligence can mean lower profits. Leaders can learn emotional intelligence. People who know their limitations can plan to avoid stressful situations or to work around events that tug at their weaknesses. One-on-one training is the best way to learn how to improve your emotional intelligence. Such training focuses on correcting undesirable social habits, such as acting impulsively or being a bad listener. Because this process requires people to correct brain-based emotional drives, it is time-consuming. Theory of Leadership Leadership has been described as the process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. Definitions more inclusive of followers have also emerged. Alan Keith of Genentech states that, Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen. According to Ken Ogbonnia effective leadership is the ability to successfully integrate and maximize available resources within the internal and external environment for the attainment of organizational or societal goals. Leadership remains one of the most relevant aspects of the organizational context. However, defining leadership has been challenging and definitions can vary depending on the situation. According to Ann Marie E. McSwain, Assistant Professor at Lincoln University, leadership is about capacity: the capacity of leaders to listen and observe, to use their expertise as a starting point to encourage dialogue between all levels of decision-making, to establish processes and transparency in decision-making, to articulate their own values and visions clearly but not impose them. Leadership is about setting and not just reacting to agendas, identifying problems, and initiating change that makes for substantive improvement rather than managing change. The following sections discuss several important aspects of leadership including a description of what leadership is and a description of several popular theories and styles of leadership. This article also discusses topics such as the role of emotions and vision, as well as leadership effectiveness and performance, leadership in different contexts, how it may differ from related concepts (i.e., management), and some critiques of leadership as generally conceived. Trait Theory Trait theory tries to describe the types of behavior and personality tendencies associated with effective leadership. In modern times, Thomas Carlyle (1841) can be considered one of the forerunners of trait theory, seeking to identify the talents, skills and physical characteristics of men who rose to power Although trait theory has an intuitive appeal, difficulties may arise in proving its tenets, and opponents frequently challenge this approach. The strongest versions of trait theory see these leadership characteristics as innate, and accordingly label some people as born leaders due to their psychological makeup. On this reading of the theory, leadership development involves identifying and measuring leadership qualities, screening potential leaders from non-leaders, then training those with potential. In response to criticisms of the trait approach, researchers have begun to assess leader attributes using the leadership attribute pattern approach. Behavioral and style Theories In response to the criticism of the trait approach, theorists began to research leadership as a set of behaviors, evaluating the behavior of successful leaders, determining behavior taxonomy and identifying broad leadership styles. David McClelland, for example, saw leadership skills, not so much as a set of traits, but as a pattern of motives. He claimed that successful leaders will tend to have a high need for power, a low need for affiliation, and a high level of what he called activity inhibition (one might call it self-control The researchers evaluated the performance of groups of eleven-year-old boys under different types of work climate. In each, the leader exercised his influence regarding the type of group decision making, praise and criticism (feedback), and the management of the group tasks (project management) Situational and contingency Theories Situational theory also appeared as a reaction to the trait theory of leadership. This theory assumes that different situations call for different characteristics; according to this group of theories, no single optimal psychographic profile of a leader exists. According to the theory, what an individual actually does when acting as a leader is in large part dependent upon characteristics of the situation in which he functions. Some theorists started to synthesize the trait and situational approaches. The descriptive models of leadership climates, defining three leadership styles and identifying in which situations each style works better. The authoritarian leadership style, for example, is approved in periods of crisis but fails to win the hearts and minds of their followers in the day-to-day management; the democratic leadership style is more adequate in situations that require consensus building; finally, the laissez faire leadership style is appreciated by the degree of freedom it provides, but as the leader does not take charge, he can be perceived as a failure in protracted or thorny organizational problems. Thus, theorists defined the style of leadership as contingent to the situation, which is sometimes classified as contingency theory. Four contingency leadership theories appear more prominently in the recent years: Fiedler contingency model, Vroom-Yetton decision model, the path-goal theory, and t he Hersey-Blanchard situational theory. Functional Theory Functional leadership theory is a particularly useful theory for addressing specific leader behaviors expected to contribute to organizational or unit effectiveness. This theory argues that the leaders main job is to see that whatever is necessary to group needs is taken care of; thus, a leader can be said to have done their job well when they have contributed to group effectiveness and cohesion (Fleishman et al., 1991; Hackman Wageman, 2005; Hackman Walton, 1986). While functional leadership theory has most often been applied to team leadership (Zaccaro, Rittman, Marks, 2001), it has also been effectively applied to broader organizational leadership as well (Zaccaro, 2001). In summarizing literature on functional leadership (see Kozlowski et al. (1996), Zaccaro et al. (2001), Hackman and Walton (1986), Hackman Wageman (2005), Morgeson (2005)), Klein, Zeigert, Knight, and Xiao (2006) observed five broad functions a leader performs when promoting organisations effectiveness. These functions include: (1) environmental monitoring, (2) organizing subordinate activities, (3) teaching and coaching subordinates, (4) motivating others, and (5) intervening actively in the groups work. Leader as a communicator the framing Framing is a way of communicating to shape meaning. Its a way for leaders to influence how others see and understand events. Selecting and highlighting one or more events while excluding others. It is the ability of the leader to influence others to act beyond their self interests Two contemporary theories of leadership with a common theme. Charismatic leadership Transformational leadership Charismatic Leadership The Charismatic Leader gathers followers through dint of personality and charm, rather than any form of external power or authority. The searchlight of attention It is interesting to watch a Charismatic Leader working the room as they move from person to person. They pay much attention to the person they are talking to at any one moment, making that person feel like they are, for that time, the most important person in the world. Charismatic Leaders pay a great deal of attention in scanning and reading their environment, and are good at picking up the moods and concerns of both individuals and larger audiences. They then will hone their actions and words to suit the situation. Pulling all of the strings Charismatic Leaders use a wide range of methods to manage their image and, if they are not naturally charismatic, may practice assiduously at developing their skills. They may engender trust through visible self-sacrifice and taking personal risks in the name of their beliefs. They will show great confidence in their followers. They are very persuasive and make very effective use of body language as well as verbal language. Deliberate charisma is played out in a theatrical sense, where the leader is playing to the house to create a desired effect. They also make effective use of storytelling, including the use of symbolism and metaphor. Many politicians use a charismatic style, as they need to gather a large number of followers. If you want to increase your charisma, studying videos of their speeches and the way they interact with others is a great source of learning. Religious leaders, too, may well use charisma, as do cult leaders. Leading the team Charismatic Leaders, who are building a group, whether it is a political party, a cult or a business team, will often focus strongly on making the group very clear and distinct, separating it from other groups. They will then build the image of the group, in particular in the minds of their followers, as being far superior to all others. The Charismatic Leader will typically attach themselves firmly to the identify of the group, such that to join the group is to become one with the leader. In doing so, they create an unchallengeable position for themselves. Key characteristics of charismatic leadership Vision and articulation; Sensitivity to the environment; Sensitivity to member needs; Personal risk taking; Performing unconventional behavior Vision and articulations Has a vision Expressed as an idealized goal The goal proposes a future better than the status quo Is able to clarify the importance of the vision in terms that are understandable to others. Personal risk Willing to take on high personal risk Incur high costs Engage in self sacrifice to achieve the vision Sensitivity to followers needs Perspective of others abilities Responsive to others needs and feelings. Unconventional behavior Engages in behaviors in behaviors that are novel and counter to norms. Personality of charismatic leaders Extraverted Self confident Achievement oriented Articulate an over arching goal Communicate high performance expectations Empathize the needs of their followers Project a powerful confident and dynamic presence Captivating and engaging voice tone Three step process of becoming a charismatic leader An individual needs to develop an aura of charisma by maintaining an optimistic view, using passion as a catalyst for generating enthusiasm and communicating with the whole body, not just with words. .An individual draws others in by creating a bond that inspires others to follows. . An individual brings out the potential in followers by tapping into their emotions. Charismatic Leadership Issues People following these leaders will be exerting extra effort, express greater satisfaction. Charismatic effectiveness and situation Charisma works best when: The followers task has an ideological component There is a lot of stress and uncertainty in the environment The leader is at the upper level of the organization Followers have low self-esteem and self-worth Dark Side of Charisma Ego-driven charismatic allow their self-interest and personal goals to override the organizations goals Very effective leaders who possess the four typical leadership traits: Individual competency Team skills Managerial competence Ability to stimulate others to high performance Plus one critical new trait A blend of personal humility and professional will Personal ego-needs are focused toward building a great company Take responsibility for failures and give credit to others for successes Prided them on developing strong leaders inside the firm who could direct the company to greater heights after they were gone. Transactional and transformational Theories The transactional leader (Burns, 1978) is given power to perform certain tasks and reward or punish for the teams performance. It gives the opportunity to the manager to lead the group and the group agrees to follow his lead to accomplish a predetermined goal in exchange for something else. Power is given to the leader to evaluate, correct and train subordinates when productivity is not up to the desired level and reward effectiveness when expected outcome is reached. The transformational leader (Burns, 1978) motivates its team to be effective and efficient. Communication is the base for goal achievement focusing the group on the final desired outcome or goal attainment. This leader is highly visible and uses chain of command to get the job done. Transformational leaders focus on the big picture, needing to be surrounded by people who take care of the details. The leader is always looking for ideas that move the organization to reach the companys vision. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Ten Lessons for Leaders and Leadership Developers In the early 1980s we set upon a quest to discover what it took to become a leader. We wanted to know the common practices of ordinary men and women when they were at their leadership bestwhen they were able to take people to places they had never been before. Strategies, tactics, skills, and practices are empty (or worse yet, manipulative and exploitative) unless we understand the fundamental human aspirations that connect leaders and constituents. Leadership is certainly not conveyed in a gene, and its most definitely not a secret code that cant be understood by ordinary folks. Our analysis of thousands of cases and surveys from over a dozen years of research has revealed a consistent pattern of exemplary leader- ship practices and fundamental constituent expectations. But knowing that the portrait emerging from the study of personal-best leadership experiences was only a partial picture, we also explored the expectations that the constituents have of people they would be willing to follow. What weve learned from studies specifically with college student leaders over the past five years has only strengthened our fundamental appreciation that Leadership is not a mysterious, mystical, or ethereal conceptone that is somehow beyond the scope and imagination of the vast majority of people. Our research has shown us that leadership is an observable, learnable set of practices. Indeed, the belief that leadership cant be learned is a far more powerful deterrent to development than is the nature of the leadership. Where Are Our Future Leaders? Who will lead us into the twenty-first century? It is time for us to decide. A generation ago the objective of African-American activists was to destroy racial segregation and integrate mainstream political and economic institutions. Instead we must recognize that one of the root causes of our divisions and social unrest is an absence of creative, dynamic leadership. Oppressed people need leaders to liberate them. Many of us accomplished these goals. But despite examples of individual success, there remains a simmering leadership crisis that can split our community apart. This common experience of racial oppression gave us a sense of solidarity and interdependence. Black physicians depended on Black patients; Black lawyers and accountants served Black clients. With desegregation, many affluent African-Americans moved from the ghetto into integrated suburbs. Graduates of Howard and Spelman now end their children to Harvard and Swarthmore. In the cities, our sense of community has gradually deteriorated. Millions of our young people are trapped in a destructive web of inferior schools, violence, drugs, and unemployment. Historically the social classes in the Black community were bound together by Jim Crow segregation laws. Blacks on welfare and Black Ph.D.s alike were ordered to the back of the bus or denied work because of their race. We cant depend on the political systemthe Democrats or Republicansor the corporate world to solve our problems; all too often their policies have contributed to them. These leaders must be women and men with vision who have the capacity to articulate the common grievances and goals of the community. How Women Can Find Mentors in a World with Few Role Models Do women have a tougher time finding mentors than men? Thats what women managers tell me, time and again. The rest must find their own mentors. Heres some advice. (Minorities and others who have trouble finding role models in upper management can learn about creative ways to build mentoring relationships, as well.) Few women hold positions of power, the story goes. Meanwhile, members of the predominant mentoring classwhite malesare too busy seeking clones of themselves. And this serves as an effective barrier to top-level jobs. So whats to be done? A number of local and even national programs are increasing mentoring opportunities for women, but they only reach a handful of those needing guidance. Wanted: Company Change Agents The most sought-after person in todays workplace is someone known as a change leader, a new breed of middle manager whos in short supply. Very different from your run-of-the-mill general managers, these mavericks get big results when you need them. They are focused, determined, willing to break rules, and great at motivating their troops. But how do you identify these people in your organization? How do you build a cadre of such quirky but essential agents of change? McKinsey Co. director Jon R. Katzenbach has some answers. For the past three years he and a team of six McKinsey partners have been studying middle-manager change agents at organizations from Compaq Computer to Mobil to the New York City Transit. The fruit of this research is the forthcoming book Real Change Leaders. Katzenbach recently sat down with Stratford Sherman, a member of Fortunes board of editors, to discuss what he learned. Why are midlevel change leaders so important to todays organizations? For some time now companies have wanted to change the behaviors and skills of large numbers of their employees. Theyre not, however, very good at that yet. I dont see many victories; I dont think even GE would claim complete victory. You can create a good program-like [former CEO] John Akerss plan in the early 1990s to transform IBMbut it doesnt work. Something goes wrong in the middle ranks of the company, and all the admonitions from the top dont get through. For large-scale transformations, you need a critical mass of change leaders in the middle of the organization. DATA TOOLS: Leadership and emotions Leadership can be perceived as a particularly emotion-laden process, with emotions entwined with the social influence process. In an organization, the leaders mood has some effects on his/her group. These effects can be described in following method: The mood of individual group members. The leaders transmit their moods to other group members through the mechanism of emotional contagion. Mood contagion may be one of the psychological mechanisms by which charismatic leaders influence followers. Group members with leaders in a positive mood experience more positive mood than do group members with leaders in a negative mood. The affective tone of the group. Group affective tone is an aggregate of the moods of the individual members of the group and refers to mood at the group level of analysis. Groups with leaders in a positive mood have a more positive affective tone than do groups with leaders in a negative mood. Group affective tone represents the consistent or homogeneous affective reactions within a group. Group processes like coordination, effort expenditure, and task strategy. Public expressions of mood impact how group members think and act. For example, expressions of positive moods by leaders signal that leaders deem progress toward goals to be good. The group members respond to those signals cognitively and behaviorally in ways that are reflected in the group processes. When people experience and express mood, they send signals to others. Leaders signal their goals, intentions, and attitudes through their expressions of moods. In research about client service, it was found that expressions of positive mood by the leader improve the performance of the group, although in other sectors there were other findings. Beyond the leaders mood, his behavior is a source for employee positive and negative emotions at work. Examples feedback giving, allocating tasks, resource distribution. Since employee behavior and productivity are directly affected by their emotional states, it is imperative to consider employee emotional responses to organizational leaders Emotional intelligence, the ability to understand and manage moods and emotions in the self and others, contributes to effective leadership in organizations. Leadership is about being responsible. The leader creates situations and events that lead to emotional response. Certain leader behaviors displayed during interactions with their employees are the sources of these affective events. Leaders shape workplace affective events. Leadership styles Leadership styles refer to a leaders behavior. It is the result of the philosophy, personality and experience of the leader. Dictator Autocratic Participative Laissez Fair Dictator Leaders A leader who uses fear and threats to get the jobs done. As similar with a leader who uses an autocratic style of leadership, this style of leader also makes all the decisions. Autocratic or Authoritarian Leaders Under the autocratic leadership styles, all decision-making powers are centralized in the leader as shown such leaders are dictators. They do not entertain any suggestions or initiative from subordinates. The autocratic management has been successful as it provides strong motivation to the manger. It permits quick decision-making as only one person decides for the whole group, and keeps it to them until they feel it is needed by the rest of the group. An autocratic leader does not trust anybody. Participative or Democratic Leaders The democratic leadership style favors decision-making by the group as shown, such as leader gives instruction after consulting the group. He can win the cooperation of his group and can motivate them effectively and positively. The decisions of the democratic leader are not unilateral as with the autocrat because they arise from consultation with the group members and participation by them. Laissez Faire or Free Rein Leaders A free rein leader does not lead, but leaves the group entirely to itself as shown; such a leader allows maximum freedom to subordinates. They are given a freehand in deciding their own policies and methods. Free rein leadership style is considered better than the authoritarian style. But it is not as effective as the democratic style. Transactional and Transformational Leadership Transactional Leaders Leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements Transformational Leaders Inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests for the good of the organization; they can have a profound and extraordinary effect on followers Not opposing, but complementary, approaches to leadership Great transformational leaders must also be transactional; only one type is not enough for success Characteristics of the Two Types of Leaders Transactional Contingent Reward: Contracts exchange of rewards for effort, promises rewards for good performance, recognizes accomplishments Management by Exception: Active: Watches and searches for deviations from rules and standards, takes corrective action Passive: Intervenes only if standards are not met Laissez-Faire: Abdi

Janes Resilience to Events in Jane Eyre Essay -- Jane Eyre Charlotte

Jane's Resilience to Events in Jane Eyre The novel Jane Eyre was written by Charlotte Bronte in the 1840’s. Put simply, it is the story of a woman who began her life with nothing but aspired, against the odds, to gain recognition and a better social status. Moreover, it is about her ability to cope with situations and make decisions that affect her life and others. Through these qualities it is possible to describe her as a heroine. This essay will aim to show how Bronte conveys Jane’s resilience – her ability to cope and repel suffering – to the audience. It will also show how Bronte shows how Jane could be considered a heroine; not in the clichà ©d sense of fighting evil but more like her ability to choose good over evil, her selflessness, her courage and her overbearing will to continue to live. With such a poor social status (she was an orphan and a women, who were seen as inferior and had far less opportunities in life during the 1800s than men did), no money and no friends the character Jane needed more than a little ambition and feistiness to succeed in overcoming her obstacle-ridden life. Bronte presents Jane at the beginning of the story as a young girl. She is an orphan who lives with her aunt - Miss Reed - but is extremely disliked by her because it was her uncle who adopted her and is now dead. She also lives with Miss Reed’s three children, Eliza, Georgiana and John who also despise her. Bronte communicates Jane’s status in the family early on - Jane is considered an outcast and treated as inferior to the rest of the family. The torment she suffers is clear from the very beginning of the story, and Bronte is quick to associate Jane’s relationship with the Reeds with feelings of mis... ...dly how Jane evolves from a quiet and bullied girl to a full-grown woman capable of loving with all her heart, respecting herself and finding happiness in unhappy situations. Bronte also shows how Jane becomes a strong individual. I think the novel shows very well how badly women were treated in the 1800’s but also why they deserved the same respect as men. It also showed that status in society does not affect whether a person is bad – this contrast is shown by Bronte in Jane, an orphan girl, being good, and the Reeds, a rich respected family, being horrible. Overall it is a very encouraging story, with many tragic moments but also a happy ending. It not only leaves the reader understanding how social status was viewed in the 1800’s but also leaves them with a feeling of hope and the idea that anyone can change who they are, if they are good people.

African American In The 1920s Essay

The 1920s were a time of struggle, pride, fear, and creativity for African Americans. Following WWI, blacks fought for the conditions and rights that they were given while fighting in Europe. They fought through countless riots and murders to push for equality. They migrated across the country to escape the horrid conditions of the South. They created an entirely new cultural movement that spread like wild fire. African Americans of the 1920s created a momentous movement of political and cultural dominance that would eventually lead to their freedom. The Post World War I era was a difficult, yet prideful time for African Americans. While African Americans were fighting abroad, they were treated as equals to whites in Europe. Due to American generals refusing to command blacks, African Americans fought side by side with black and white French soldiers under French command. In addition, there were a few all black regiments, the most well known being the 369th Colored Infantry (p. 8). Upon returning home in November of 1918, African Americans faced â€Å"contradictory feelings of hope and frustration† (p. 7). They expected to be praised and rewarded for their sacrifices made during the war; however, they were met with nearly the opposite. This new mood among the African Americans became Flowers 1 known as the â€Å"New Negro. † Coined by black journalists, this term described the new attitude of post-war blacks and their will to fight against the white oppression. Unfortunately, the American public treated them the same as before the war. African American soldiers were in shock from the striking contrast of black social conditions between America and Europe. While the whites were praised for their sacrifices, the blacks were not. In one case, however, on February 7, 1919, a few thousand black soldiers marched through Manhattan, and were praised by both blacks and whites alike; however, most white Americans didn’t feel the same as those in New York. With blacks having a strong hope for equality, and whites having a strong fear of this equality, America was set up for some of the best and worst events of the 1920s. The â€Å"Red Summer†, coined by James Weldon Johnson, was a summer of hate crimes, violence, and even murder. On several occasions, both blacks and whites ended up injuring and killing one another. African Americans began to assert their new hope of equality. The first instance of this new attitude occurred in Charleston, South Carolina, when sailors killed a black civilian. A large fight broke out and several people, both blacks and whites, were killed. Riots began to appear throughout America. The worst riot broke out in Chicago and lasted five days. It all began when an African American swimmer drifted into waters between segregated beaches. A white man threw a rock at him and the black man ended up drowning. White police officers did nothing to arrest the white man. As the news spread, gang related violence quickly began to spread throughout neighborhoods. As tensions grew stronger, the violent crimes Flowers 2 became worse. Eventually, a mass riot broke out. Policemen fired upon several black men, and several thousand men became involved. In the end, 23 blacks and 15 whites were killed, and many more were injured. Unfortunately, the majority of the media downplayed these riots to try and keep everyone else under control, but The Crisis, the primary newspaper for the NAACP, published nearly every event, both good and bad. Over the summer, many other instances of violence occurred, leading to the Great Migration (p. 7-15) The lives of African Americans significantly changed during the 1920s. A large contributor to these changes was the mass migration of African Americans to the North and West known as the Great Migration. African Americans despised the Jim Crow laws, and tried everything in their power to either change or escape them. Many blacks living in the South gained much economic success after migrating to the North. Not only did the blacks want to migrate to the North for economic and civil gains, but they also wanted to escape the worsening conditions in the South caused by the Boll Weevil plague that ruined the cotton industry (p. 23-24). Upon arriving in the North, blacks began to build up their community. They built their own churches, which were significantly different from white churches. Their churches became a part of their lives, and became their community. The YMCA and the YWCA also began during this time period, promoting community as well. Western black immigrants came primarily from places like Jamaica, and were fairly new to the oppression of the whites in America. Because of this, they were not as afraid to start up new things. Flowers 3 On the political side of events, the NAACP was on the rise. By 1919, the NAACP had become the leading organization for black civil rights. Led by W. E. B. Du Bois, the NAACP constantly challenged â€Å"segregation and political equality. † (p. 57) A major success of this organization was the push for the Dyer Antilynching Bill. Even though the bill was never successfully passed, it brought lynching to the attention of the public, and eventually reduced the number of lynchings significantly (p. 60-63). While African Americans fought to make conditions better for themselves, some conditions remained poor. Some blacks began purchasing homes in â€Å"white† neighborhoods, but were faced with violence, especially from the rising Ku Klux Klan; therefore, ending the housing segregation quickly gained importance (p. 66-68). The white schools were far superior, due to the much higher wages and funding provided. In Southern states, studies showed that white teachers were paid nearly four times as much as black teachers, and the black school sizes and facilities were vastly inferior (p. 68). A third problem was the constant fight against the judicial system. On several occasions, blacks were wrongly accused of crimes, even when there was little to no evidence to prove anything at all. For example, two black men in Kentucky ended up in court for raping a white woman on â€Å"the flimsiest of evidence. † Even though no one identified the men, the all white jury spent just fifteen minutes to find them guilty, and the men were sentenced to death (p. 68). Aside from the political issues, African Americans in the North began a mass movement of cultural expansion, including literature, music, and art. This Flowers 4 movement became known as the Harlem Renaissance. The precursor to this movement was the Marcus Garvey movement. Garvey pushed for blacks to â€Å"reject the white society and build a separate life. † (p. 77) He believed that blacks should never conform to white society. He also led the somewhat unsuccessful â€Å"Back to Africa† movement, which was an attempt to have all blacks leave the country and live in Liberia instead. Following the Marcus Garvey movement was the well-known Harlem Renaissance. Even though renaissance is in the name, this movement was more of a birth than a rebirth. It all began during the Great Migration. As thousands of African Americans migrated to the North, many ended up settling in Harlem. This three square mile area became the largest concentration of black people in the world. Following the war, many writers celebrated this new life in the North, and praised the better conditions of the North in their writing. Many hoped that this mass outpouring of literature would â€Å"break down the walls of prejudice. † (p. 80) The most popular of these writers was the African American poet, Langston Hughes. Today, much of his work is considered classic literature. In addition to the mass influx of African American literature, jazz music was on the rise (p. 83-86) Jazz became a symbol of African Americans and the Harlem Renaissance. This product of music pulled concepts from â€Å"African rhythms, blues chord progressions, church spirituals, European melodies, and American marching band instrumentation. † (p. 86) Probably the most well known musician from this era was the trumpeter, Louis Armstrong. Even though jazz originated in New Orleans, it quickly spread to the East coast and eventually to Harlem. The Flowers 5 literature produced in Harlem was by far more successful than jazz, but there was certainly no shortage of jazz in Harlem. Both the jazz and literary greats became idols to many African Americans. They created a wave of inspiration in the black community that quickly spread throughout certain areas of America. The African American community fought through violence, held their pride, and created an entire cultural movement. Through the idea of the â€Å"New Negro† to the eventual Harlem Renaissance, African Americans became stronger and bolder in fighting against whites. Through the NAACP, African Americans gained a stronger stance in politics than ever before. Through riots, beatings, and even deaths, African Americans fought to be treated equally to whites, and paved the way for their eventual freedom and equality.

Acting Through the Ages Essay Essays

Acting Through the Ages Essay Essays Acting Through the Ages Essay Paper Acting Through the Ages Essay Paper The art of playing has evolved in many ways over its life-time and continues to germinate to this twenty-four hours. Acting foremost originated in Greece in the sixth century BC with the Grecian tragic histrion Thespis being widely regarded as the laminitis of the profession. This is why. to this twenty-four hours. histrions are frequently referred to as actors. Aristotle. the Grecian philosopher. defined moving as ‘the right direction of the voice to show assorted emotions ‘ and declared it to be a natural endowment that was unconditioned and could non be taught. There are a few antediluvian Greek dramas by Aeschylus. Euripides and Sophocles that survived all moving history and are still performed in the theaters. During the Christian regulation of Rome. moving began to worsen as an art and liturgical play began to be performed throughout the Middle Ages. The tradition was kept alive by jugglers. acrobats and mummers who entertained crowds at town carnivals and the gesture and modulation of histrions began to be mastered through spiritual play performed in church. Acting history so takes an tremendous leap to the sixteenth century. where modern professional playing began to emerge through Italian comedy. William Shakespeare is possibly the most adept of this peculiar manner of dramatist – and surely the best known. Many professional histrions during the Restoration period were famed for their natural endowment and manner but it was non until the eighteenth century that moving was considered a serious profession instead than an inexpert chase. In the mid-18th century. Charles Macklin and his student David Garrick began to present a new. realistic. manner of moving and new motions began to take topographic point across Europe. As moving history evolves. the old. declamatory. manner of moving did non decease out wholly until the beginning of the twentieth century with many popular histrions of this clip looking excessively melodramatic to many modern audiences. With the altering times. gustatory sensations and civilizations came a move off from the declamatory and intense moving manners of past ( with criterions set by the Meiningen Players in 1874 ) and the outgrowth of a new. realistic manner of moving whereby the histrion strives for absolute psychological designation with the character he is playing – the Stanislavski method introduced by Russian manager Konstantin Stanislavski. This method was adopted by the Group Theatre and subsequently by Lee Strasberg bring forthing a coevals of gifted realistic histrions such as Marlon Brando. The debut of gesture image and telecasting amusement began to offer a wealth of chances and associated stardom to draw a bead oning histrions and actresses and began to alter the art of moving forever. In the early twentieth century. the Academy Awards were launched and the profession of moving eventually began to be decently recognised as an admirable and reliable professional chase.

Free Essays on A Jury Of Her Peers

Drawing upon the implications of Mr. Hales statement â€Å"women used to worry over trifles,† seems to be old fashion. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters have a lot to offer for the investigation. The Author Susan Glaspell shows an obvious stereotypical attitude by men towards women in her story, A Jury of Her Peers. The men don’t understand women enough to ask the ladies to help them to uncover where a women might conceal her murder evidence, and it seemed the men were searching in all the wrong places for evidence. According to the story, Mrs. Hale somewhat knew Minnie Foster, and Mrs. Peter and Mrs. Hale both know how a women moves around the house. The men looked throughout the Wright’s property to uncover there was not much evidence at all, and the women, who are worrying about trifles and how Minnie Foster must have been so lonely, uncover all the superior evidence. At this point the women should be more concerned with bigger things than trifles, because Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters uncovered enough evidence to prove that Minnie foster may be the murderer. It’s imperative to for women to focus on issues greater than trifles, because they could have a grater impact on the Wright’s investigation. Many people claim that a women’s place is in the home, and that issues of concern should be left up to the men. This attitude was especially prevalent in the early 1900’s. This is what was taught for many generations. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters were not even supposed to be looking for facts and evidence regarding the murder, but since they were women â€Å"of the home†,they came across a lot more evidence then the men in their everyday worrying about trifles. They were continuously mentioning how Minnie must have been lonesome and cheerless, and how she used to be popular as they wandered through the house effortlessly dealing with their frivolous day. The ladies felt sorry for her and thought no such thing to turn in a dead bird. If th... Free Essays on A Jury Of Her Peers Free Essays on A Jury Of Her Peers Drawing upon the implications of Mr. Hales statement â€Å"women used to worry over trifles,† seems to be old fashion. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters have a lot to offer for the investigation. The Author Susan Glaspell shows an obvious stereotypical attitude by men towards women in her story, A Jury of Her Peers. The men don’t understand women enough to ask the ladies to help them to uncover where a women might conceal her murder evidence, and it seemed the men were searching in all the wrong places for evidence. According to the story, Mrs. Hale somewhat knew Minnie Foster, and Mrs. Peter and Mrs. Hale both know how a women moves around the house. The men looked throughout the Wright’s property to uncover there was not much evidence at all, and the women, who are worrying about trifles and how Minnie Foster must have been so lonely, uncover all the superior evidence. At this point the women should be more concerned with bigger things than trifles, because Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters uncovered enough evidence to prove that Minnie foster may be the murderer. It’s imperative to for women to focus on issues greater than trifles, because they could have a grater impact on the Wright’s investigation. Many people claim that a women’s place is in the home, and that issues of concern should be left up to the men. This attitude was especially prevalent in the early 1900’s. This is what was taught for many generations. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters were not even supposed to be looking for facts and evidence regarding the murder, but since they were women â€Å"of the home†,they came across a lot more evidence then the men in their everyday worrying about trifles. They were continuously mentioning how Minnie must have been lonesome and cheerless, and how she used to be popular as they wandered through the house effortlessly dealing with their frivolous day. The ladies felt sorry for her and thought no such thing to turn in a dead bird. If th...

Critical review of a textbook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critical review of a textbook - Essay Example Human beings are singular and unique hence their choices also boil down to personal preferences. Essentially, the authors make an assumption that every person is a sexual being and it forms an integral part of every person either consciously or unconsciously. According to (Myerson 2007), the basis of human sexuality is the gender of person. The way a person chooses to experience and express their sexuality is also dependent on social factors on top of their biological nature. Thus, the authors agree that sexuality is an individual decision and it can not be forced on a person. It is also evident that human sexuality is self discovery process which and people define their sexuality at different times in their lives. (Rathus et al 2005) note that gender roles in some cultures dictate the ways in which males and females are expected to behave. However, the authors agree that these roles are not necessary right and individuals have the freedom to decide their sexuality even if it may con flict with the expectations of the society. Rathus et al (2005) stated that the society prescribes gender roles and gender identities based purely on the sex of the person. This implies that one is assigned social roles and stereotypes based purely on their biological sex. In this regard boys and girls are treated in a different ways. For instance, the authors point out that gender typing begins from the naming of children. Girls are inclined to engage in motherhood roles only while boys play masculine roles. The effect of this is a person grows in a predefined gender identity based on their biological make up. However, it should be noted that gender identity and roles transcend the confines of biological make up in terms of X and Y chromosomes. (McDonald p.45) argues that although sex is predefined by the biological composition of chromosomes in a person, gender is not necessarily imposed on a person. Gender typing can be biased if it is only based on the biological aspects of a pe rson. Gender identity can either be due to a person’s perceived or actual sex. Therefore, it is possible for sexism to arise if the issue of gender is imposed on people based only on their sex disregarding other factors that can shape the sexuality of a person. In fact, the authors point out that the traditional gender stereotyping based only on the sex of an individual may leave out the transsexualism, intersexualism, and hermophroditism. This implies that gender typing leaves out the people who transgress from the traditional gender brackets that are narrowly defined by the biologically. Rathus et al point that there is cross-cultural evidence on gender typing based on long held gender stereotypes. Children are socialized to behave in gender defined roles and they differentially prepared for adulthood. As noted by (Simoni 2000), some parents impose gender roles by rewarding gender –typical roles in children and punishing behavior that is inconsistent with the predefi ned gender roles. Further examination of Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity indicates that the authors are inclined towards a liberal position in relation to gender identity and gender roles. This calls into question the traditional views of masculinity and femininity which need to be reconstructed in order to be reflective of individual perspectives (Phillips 457). According to the book, sexual orientation is the direction of one’s sexual interests. This can be towards members of the same sex, members of the other sex or both.

Organisational Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organisational Theory - Essay Example Needless to say, the resultant assumption is that public sector organisations should undergo a process of organisational restructuring as would allow for the adoption of more efficient and effective management paradigms. There are, however, two problems in the above stated. The first is that the notion of decentralised organisational structures as being more inherently suited for the adoption of total quality and other management paradigms which allow for efficient and effective proactive responses to shifting external environmental conditions, than are centralised organisational structures, is fallacious and based on assumptions and not fact (Cane and Thurston, 2000; Flynn, 2002; Dent, Chandler and Barry, 2004). The second is that, ultimately, organisational structure must be consciously selected on the basis of that which is most suitable for the organisation in question, the culture which it aspires to and the demands of the industry in which it is located and the market which it serves. As a strategy for determining the relationship between organisational structure and organisational performance, the research will critically analyse both of centralised and decentralised organisational structures, together with a review of ... ave determined that public sector organisations are largely modelled after the traditional bureaucratic organisational structure, as influenced by Weber (Gibson, 1966; Cane and Thurston, 2000; Dent, Chandler and Barry, 2004). The implication is that all of the four components of organisational structure-labour division, departmentalisation, span of control and scope of decision-making-are shaped by bureaucratic-traditionalist managerial theory. This, according to numerous management scholars, has only served to offset an organisation's inherent capacity for flexible response to changing external conditions and has, in the long run, resulted in the formulation of mechanistic and atrophying organisations (Gibson, 1966; Ford and Slocum, 1977; Cane and Thurston, 2000; Flynn, 2002; Dent, Chandler and Barry, 2004). As explained by Flynn (2002) among others, labour division within the public sector organisation is invariably highly specialised. Task specialisations are clearly articulated and each employee has a specific set of job functions, clearly set out in his/her job description, which he/she must operate by (Bourgeois, 1984; Bourn and Bourn, 1995; Flynn, 2002). While the advantages of specialisation and clearly articulated job descriptions are practically too numerous to articulate, the disadvantages are enormous. Certainly specialisation implies that employees are often matched to jobs according to their skill-sets and explicit job descriptions mean that employees always have a clear understanding of the tasks they are required to perform and know the boundaries of their professional responsibilities (Bourgeois, 1984; Bourn and Bourn, 1995; Flynn, 2002; Mctavish, 2004). Excessive specialisation, however, as is often the case with private sector organisations